Join CNN’s Wonder Theory science newsletter to stay updated on the latest discoveries in the universe. Scientists are closely monitoring Axial Seamount, an undersea volcano located off the coast of Oregon, which is showing signs of an imminent eruption. Situated nearly 1 mile underwater on a geological hot spot, the volcano is under pressure due to the movement of tectonic plates. Recent increases in earthquakes and magma buildup suggest that an eruption could be imminent, according to researchers at the National Science Foundation’s Ocean Observatories Initiative Regional Cabled Array. Marine geophysicist William Wilcock from the University of Washington School of Oceanography predicts that the eruption could occur later this year or in early 2026, although the timing is unpredictable.
During the volcano’s last eruption in 2015, thousands of small-scale earthquakes were observed, and magma oozed out, creating a trail across the seafloor. The eruption also resulted in the collapse of the magma chamber, forming a caldera where sea life thrives off mineral-rich gases from hydrothermal vents. Despite the impact on local marine life, the ecosystem quickly recovered, showcasing the resilience of life in such environments.
Although neighboring marine life may sense the seismic activity, they are unlikely to be harmed, and the eruption is not expected to have significant effects on land. According to marine geologist Debbie Kelley, the eruption is not explosive, and any activity would be mainly underwater. Stay informed about this fascinating natural event by subscribing to CNN’s Wonder Theory science newsletter.
Research by Kelley shows that underwater volcanic activity, specifically at sites like the Juan de Fuca Ridge, is marked by frequent small eruptions. The magma is located relatively close to the surface, about a mile deep, unlike land volcanoes that can reach depths of up to 8 miles. The viscosity of the magma plays a significant role in determining the pressure within the magma chamber. Thicker magma results in more dramatic ruptures of air bubbles compared to the thinner magma found at Axial Seamount.
Observing volcanic activity at Axial Seamount is made easier by its relatively mild nature, allowing for close human observation. Plans are in place to livestream the next eruption, providing a unique opportunity for public viewing. Witnessing an undersea volcanic eruption is a challenging task, with the first direct observation occurring on April 29 during a routine dive in the Pacific Ocean west of Costa Rica.
Researchers, in collaboration with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, witnessed lava leaking through the seafloor, indicating an eruption was underway. This event underscored the significance of studying undersea volcanic environments, shedding light on the processes shaping our planet.
Discoveries at Axial Seamount have highlighted a connection between eruption timing and celestial influences. Recent eruptions in 1998, 2011, and 2015 have all taken place between January and April, coinciding with Earth’s movement away from the sun. The gravitational forces of the moon may play a role in influencing volcanic activity, as its orbit affects ocean tides that, in turn, impact pressure variations on the seafloor.
Observations at Axial Seamount continue to provide valuable insights into the complex interplay of forces shaping our planet’s volcanic activity.
