As winter brings opportunities for snowy fun, it can be tempting to ignore the cold and stay outside longer. However, prolonged exposure to low temperatures can be dangerous. While most people are aware of the risks of frostbite, it is important for parents, in particular, to recognize the early signs of milder cold-related conditions.
Similar to how heat stroke can progress from heat exhaustion, frostbite has a preliminary stage known as “frostnip.” Frostnip occurs when the skin is exposed to cold temperatures below 32 degrees Fahrenheit for an extended period, resulting in redness or soreness without causing tissue damage like frostbite.
Children were seen enjoying a large mound of snow in a park in Minneapolis, where schools were closed due to a snowstorm that set a new February snowfall record in 2019. When people are exposed to cold weather, their blood vessels constrict, diverting blood away from the skin to maintain core body temperature, explained Dr. Joshua Zeichner, a board-certified dermatologist at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City.
Children are more susceptible to frostbite compared to adults because they lose heat from their skin faster. Spending extended periods outdoors in cold weather can increase this risk. Signs of frostnip include red, tingling, or numb skin, particularly on areas farthest from the heart such as cheeks, ears, nose, fingers, and toes, which are not adequately protected by warm clothing.
Preventing frostnip is straightforward and involves dressing children in warm layers and ensuring their extremities are well covered. If their clothes become wet from playing in the snow, it is essential to change into dry clothing, focusing on the socks, hat, and mittens to protect the toes, fingers, and ears. Taking breaks indoors for hot chocolate can help warm up and recharge.
If frostnip occurs, it can usually be treated at home. Bringing affected children indoors, providing dry clothes, and gently warming the skin with warm towels or blankets are recommended. Direct heat sources like heating pads or hot water should be avoided to prevent skin burns. Rubbing or massaging the affected area should also be avoided to prevent potential tissue damage, especially if frostbite is present.
Symptoms of frostbite are more severe than frostnip and can include white or grayish-yellow skin, blisters, or sores. Immediate medical attention is advised if signs of frostbite appear, as it can lead to permanent tissue damage.
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