The Global Mindful City (GMC) is an ambitious project in Bhutan that seeks to promote a new form of capitalism focused on ecological harmony and spiritual well-being. The city, envisioned to be three times larger than Singapore, will feature a network of timber bridges connecting various key facilities such as a university, hospital, greenhouse, cultural and spiritual centers, and organic markets. It will also include wildlife sanctuaries, farms, temples, and rice terraces, with a commitment to sustainability by banning single-use plastics and using only electric vehicles. The city’s power will be generated by a hydroelectric dam with an elevated temple as part of its design.
Applicants to the GMC will undergo careful vetting and require a special invitation to set up within the city. Bhutan’s Prime Minister, Tshering Tobgay, emphasizes the importance of prioritizing the happiness and well-being of people in this new urban development model. Bhutan, a landlocked nation with a small economy, has a history of unique governance, having transitioned from an absolute monarchy to a parliamentary democracy in 2006. It places a strong emphasis on preserving its cultural identity and has historically prioritized “gross national happiness” (GNH) over GDP growth.
The GMC represents a modern application of the GNH concept on a larger scale. Despite concerns about the feasibility of such a project in a region with limited infrastructure and potential political implications, the Bhutanese government remains committed to the vision of creating a carbon-negative city that prioritizes sustainability and well-being. However, the integration of capitalist principles with such ideals poses challenges that could potentially dilute the project’s positive impact.
In the serene land of Bhutan, Dr. Lotay Tshering, the former Prime Minister, now holds the position of governor in Gelephu Mindfulness City. Bhutan, known for its mystical allure nestled in the Himalayas, has a rich history dating back to the 17th century when it transitioned from a collection of Buddhist territories to a unified nation. Embracing a unique blend of tradition and isolation, Bhutan has thrived by distancing itself from external influences. The country’s deep-rooted beliefs even extend to the protection of mythical creatures like yetis, with a designated national park in their honor.
The revered figure of Drukpa Kunley, also known as the Divine Madman, symbolizes the fascinating history of Bhutan. This 15th-century monk, renowned for his unconventional ways, roamed the countryside with his faithful dog, engaging in unconventional acts that defied societal norms. Bhutan’s avoidance of European colonization and its ability to remain neutral during global conflicts like the Industrial Revolution and World Wars showcase its strategic approach to survival in a volatile region.
Despite its small size, Bhutan’s geopolitical stance shifted with the rise of Red China and its influence on neighboring Tibet. This prompted Bhutan to forge closer ties with India, seeking security assurances amidst growing regional tensions. While India remains a key ally, Bhutan’s reluctance to engage diplomatically with major powers like China and the U.S. underscores its commitment to maintaining autonomy.
In a world driven by economic growth, Bhutan stands out for prioritizing environmental conservation over commercial exploitation of its natural resources. Drawing on Buddhist and animistic philosophies, the country upholds principles of karma and respect for all living beings, emphasizing harmony with nature. While embracing technological advancements like 5G connectivity, Bhutan remains steadfast in preserving its cultural heritage and environmental integrity.
At Pochu Dumra Buddhist School, young monks engage in a harmonious blend of traditional practices and modern education, reflecting Bhutan’s balanced approach to embracing progress while safeguarding its unique identity. The nation’s story serves as a testament to resilience, cultural richness, and a profound connection to the natural world.
Novice monks at Pochu Dumra Buddhist School in Punakha are utilizing Dell desktops and Samsung tablets to acquire skills in word processing, spreadsheets, and discerning Internet research. English and IT teacher Thinley Jamtsho emphasizes the importance of these skills for future teachers, lamas, and monastery administrators to effectively manage their duties and contribute to the country’s development.
Bhutan’s embrace of green technology has allowed the country to advance without compromising its karmic principles. With 2.5 GW of installed hydropower, Bhutan leverages its natural resources efficiently by harnessing summer hydropower for mining green bitcoins. These bitcoins are then used to purchase electricity from India during dry seasons, ensuring a balanced power supply throughout the year.
The Gross National Happiness Commission (GMC) recognizes Bhutan’s potential in hydropower, aiming to harness 15 GW by 2040, which could support hosting energy-intensive AI data centers. Bhutan’s well-educated population, proficient in English, presents a unique advantage but also leads to brain drain as youth seek opportunities abroad. To address this, the GMC aims to provide incentives for skilled individuals to stay by offering unique governance structures and opportunities.
The GMC plans to introduce its own digital currency, the ter, secured by blockchain and backed by gold. Additionally, it will establish Asia’s first full reserve digital bank, Oro Bank, which will keep all customer deposits in reserve to ensure financial stability and avoid potential bankruptcy risks associated with traditional banking practices. This innovative approach aims to create a self-sufficient and globally interconnected ecosystem within the GMC, governed by experts from various fields and nationalities.
Oro Bank CEO Mike Kayamori envisions a different approach to banking by emphasizing long-term stability over extreme capitalism. He believes that with time and effort, Oro Bank can become the largest bank in the world. A farmer is seen clearing his rice paddy near the ancient city of Punakha on Nov. 6 in a photograph by Sarker Protick for TIME.
Oro Bank, modeled after the GMC, prioritizes investors who value stability in the long run. The GMC, established by royal decree, is shielded from the uncertainties of party politics. Despite the benefits of royal support, critics raise concerns about the land acquisition by the GMC, which could displace thousands of residents living on the territory. There are fears of inadequate compensation and limited recourse due to potential repercussions for criticizing the royal-backed project.
The economic landscape in Bhutan is shifting, posing a challenge to India’s influence. The possibility of Chinese investment in Bhutan is met with cautious optimism by some, while others are wary of potential consequences. Bhutan must navigate this delicate balance, as neighboring Nepal has experienced similar pressures and managed varying degrees of success in balancing relations with India and China.
The younger generation in Bhutan seems more open to closer ties with China, attracted by educational opportunities and scholarships offered by Beijing. However, these evolving dynamics also raise concerns about the shifting geopolitical landscape in the region.
The writer discusses the potential for Bhutanese students to study in Chinese universities due to rising tuition costs. Lotay, a student, believes learning Mandarin and gaining exposure to Chinese trade would be beneficial. While Bhutan’s economy relies heavily on Indian support, there is growing interest in strengthening relations with China. However, the challenge lies in insulating Bhutan from potential costs. The GMC, a city on the border with India, symbolizes both opportunity and a warning to New Delhi. Bhutan’s economic future remains uncertain, with agribusiness being one potential sector. Despite geographic challenges, the country boasts diverse climates and abundant plant species. Plans for a digital e-residence program are in progress, inspired by other successful models worldwide. Ambitious projects, like the construction of a national-service campus, show progress, albeit slow. The GMC project instills hope in young Bhutanese for local opportunities for growth and prosperity.
Operating from a government startup incubator in the capital city of Thimphu, 32-year-old Dhechen has made a name for herself in the fashion scene of Bhutan. Blending traditional Bhutanese materials with contemporary couture design, she has garnered a loyal following that includes Miss Bhutan, royal princesses, and tourists from North America and Europe. Adorned with sketches and fabric scraps, her workspace boasts a creative ambiance where she pays a subsidized rent of just $50 per month.
“I get most of my customers from Instagram,” Dhechen reveals, adjusting an intricately embroidered gown requested by a Bollywood star for a film premiere. “I’m also very excited for the GMC. Maybe we can get a chance to showcase our designs and collaborate with outside designers.”
On January 24, history will be made as Ed Sheeran becomes the first Western pop star to grace the stage of Bhutan at Thimphu’s Changlimithang Stadium. Prime Minister Togbay envisions this event not only as a platform to attract more pop stars but also to draw in “more artists, more Nobel laureates, and more thought leaders and business leaders, leaders in social work, philanthropists.”
Despite meticulous planning, the influence of money often shapes its own narrative. While Bhutan officially prohibited plastic bags in 1999, they continue to be a common sight at Thimphu’s weekend market, carrying an array of goods from tea leaves to dried persimmon slices. Furthermore, the issue of roadside litter is escalating, with tourists in the historic city of Paro reporting instances of price exploitation by local taxi drivers.
Acknowledging the need to tap into its hydropower potential, Dahal of Druk Investments and Holdings concedes that Bhutan must construct reservoir dams. However, this proposal has raised concerns among environmentalists regarding the impact on the country’s endangered wildlife, including monkeys, tigers, rhinoceros, blue sheep, and snow leopards.
The inevitability of compromises in the face of development is palpable. As Bhutan, the mythical realm of yetis and mystics, braces itself to embrace the modern era, the looming question remains: Can Bhutan reform capitalism, or will capitalism erode the essence of Bhutan’s unique identity?
For inquiries, contact Charlie Campbell at charlie.campbell@time.com.
